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Tag : psychology

Magazine page with Photographie retouchée including model with clothing, handbag (Hermes)

Advertising with and for women?

Presence of advertising

Media are everywhere: They reinforce values, offer models of behavior, shape role models — they make us think about different topics, they evoke emotions, we learn from them, we identify with them. They become co-designers and orientation aids at the same time (Jäckel et al., 2009, pp. 7-8, Gläßel, 2010, p. 13). That does not sound problematic at first. But what if this leads to unconscious processes and influence that we can not escape, that we can not control?

Increase in advertising through competition

The situation is even more difficult when one considers that the already saturated markets lead to exhausted sales potential and the quantitative increase in advertising is used to compensate that (Gläßel, 2010, p. 14).

Distorted reality

A direct influence into a certain direction is made clear by the fact that advertising does not reflect all facets (Gläßel, 2010, p. 17) and also not every part of society. In order to fulfill its own goals, it simplifies and emphasizes socially valid norms and embeds them in their extremely selective and positive advertising messages (Schmidt, 2002, quoted from Gläßel, 2010, p. 17). The positive messages create needs. The product should easily cover those needs. Often, the comparison with the advertising beauty models also contributes to these needs or deficiencies (Harrison, Taylor & Marske, 2006, quoted from Gläßel, 2010, p. 9). This should contribute to the approval and hope of the recipient and prevent a critical examination of the product (Gläßel, 2010, p. 15). Through glossed and reality-distorted advertising images, recipients are inspired to reflect and adapt their own system of relevance and their attitudes (Gläßel, 2010, p. 17). In terms of the ideal of beauty, this means that advertising not only depicts, reinforces or spreads it, but also strengthens the need to buy all the products that pave the way to achieving the ideal. The message of the advertisement is therefore that every woman could look like the depicted model, if she possesses willpower and buys the right products (Weinbub, 2012, p. 27).

Psychology for economic success

However, in the discussion of the ideals of beauty through advertising, it should not be forgotten that every advertising is commercial advertising and its main interests are economic ones (Jäckel et al., 2009, p. 48). Advertising, uses psychology for economic success (Deibl, 1997, quoted in Weinbub, 2012, p. 28). In addition, advertising is not meant to reduce body problems of female recipients: it is not the job of an advertiser to strengthen the self-esteem or body image of young women by presenting less attractive models (Gläßel, 2010, p. 177).

Social byproducts of advertising

A less favorable perception and evaluation of one’s own body and possibly resulting eating disorders or the maintenance of eating disorders are unintended consequences, so-called “social byproducts of advertising” (Pollay, 1986, cited by Gartmann, 2008, p. 5).

Responsibility

According to their impact, advertisers and media managers would have to live up to their enormous responsibility and well consider what they reflect in the outside world, since advertising and society influence each other. However, at least both sides are involved: Demanding and those who fulfill the demands. Viewers and viewed, Perceiving and Perceived (Posch, 1999, quoted in Gläßel, 2010, p. 177). After all, advertising also depends on what your target group demands and would not work for ideals that are unaccepted (Gläßel, 2010, p. 177).

Cury models in advertising

Is the switch to advertising with curvy models or models that do not correspond to the ideal of beauty therefore lucrative for advertisers and therefore makes sense in case of the “social byproducts”?
Switching to curvy models, according to Gartmann (2008), has a negative impact on classic advertising success (p. 128). Therefore, it is unrealistic for the advertising industry to find a way that deviates from the audience conception. Even less attractive models are not an alternative to the current situation: Beautiful people trigger biologically preprogrammed reactions that are hardly influenceable. (Gläßel, 2010, p. 178) These reactions are desired in advertising. This gives the Art Directors/ advertisers the right to rely on the slim and attractive model bodies (Gartmann, 2008, p. 190).

Protection against media influences

But which methods can we use to protect yourselves against advertising influences? The retouching lable of France is one approach whose effectiveness still needs to be investigated. Nevertheless, what options does science currently pursue? There are two types of approaches to protect against advertising influences: on the one hand the self-driven ones and on the other society based approaches. These are explained below.

Personal approach

On the basis of social learning theory and the theory of social comparison processes, personality characteristics are responsible for the extent of how predisposed a woman is (Schemer, 2003, p. 523). Gartmann (2008) describes that a healthy self-confidence and a good relationship to one’s own body is the best way to protect oneself from negative media effects of ideal body images (Gartmann, 2008, p. 199). But to build this self-confidence and body love in a society that is heavily influenced by advertising and the media, becomes a challenge.

Social approach

Accordingly, the society as a whole is often criticized and people try to find solution approaches based on society. Although the topic is discussed on the surface, the awareness is lacking about photographic staging and image optimization (Schemer, 2003, p. 535). The communicated ideals should be discussed critically: A public discussion of which images are unhealthy, unreachable and unrealistic. To wait for a change in the advertising industry is quite sobering instead it’s better to learn how to deal with advertising images (Gläßel, 2010, p. 178).

Sources:

Books:

Journal Articles:

  • Schemer, C. (2003). Schlank und krank durch Medienschönheiten? Zur Wirkung attraktiver weiblicher Medienakteure auf das Körperbild von Frauen. Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, 51, (3-4), 523–540.

Theses:

  • Gartmann, K. (2008). Der Einfluss der werbemedialen Kommunikation weiblicher Schlankheitsideale auf körperbildrelevante Größen der Frau: Eine experimentelle Studie (Dissertation). Universität zu Osnabrück, Osnabrück.
  • Weinbub, A. (2012). Die Macht der Schönheit. Psychologische Auswirkungen von weiblicher Attraktivität in der Anzeigenwerbung auf jugendliche Rezipientinnen (Magisterarbeit). Universität Wien, Wien.

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Biological mechanisms that defines beauty

What is beauty according to science?

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. This famous popular saying has already become a cliché. But does that make it any less valid?

This article will discuss what beauty is according to science and how it changes depending on the context.

What is beauty?

If you search for the definition of beauty, here is what you’ll find:

A combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight.

But what are these specific qualities that humans find so attractive, and why?

Psychological beauty

Humans put plenty of importance on beauty. When you look at someone, you almost instinctively analyze his or her attractiveness.

People considered beautiful may enjoy certain social and professional advantages.
This proven effect is used in advertisings to transfer positively associated properties of a beautiful model to a product next to it (halo effect). This is because we associate beauty with positive traits. Attractiveness is a signal of sympathy, intelligence, and even health.

Examples of this concept are movies that show unattractive villains and beautiful heroes, sustaining the “ugly is evil” notion.

What is a beautiful face, according to science?

Sometimes we cannot describe why we like someone visually. Although we may have an intuitive sense of what it is, defining beauty is complex.

Researchers and physicians have tried to determine measurements, ratios, and characteristics beyond cultural boundaries and universally represent beauty.

This task is challenging, mainly because our population is highly diverse. Everyone is beautiful in its way. But what does science say that most people prefer?

Hicks and Thomas (2020) show some key features that underlie most traditionally beautiful faces.

– Symmetry and balance

The left and right sides look the same in a symmetrical face, even though people’s faces are not perfect mirror images. Our eyes read faces with similar proportions on both sides as if they were.

Both men and women tend to find symmetrical faces more attractive than asymmetrical ones. This is because symmetry looks normal to us, and we see asymmetry as a deviation from the norm.

– The golden ratio

The search for a beauty “magic number” dates back to antiquity when the Ancient Greeks believed beauty was represented by a golden ratio of 1:1.618. There is no evidence supporting the golden ratio; however, studies show that certain facial features can make you look more attractive.

For example, one study found that attractiveness is optimized when the face’s vertical distance between the eyes and the mouth is approximately 36% of its length. The horizontal distance between the eyes is about 46% of the face’s width.

To get these specific numbers, the researchers asked 20 people to analyze photos of female Caucasian faces. Using Photoshop, they changed face length (distance between the eyes and the mouth) and width (space between the eyes). Then, the participants had to choose the most attractive face between the two photos.  

The new golden ratio proposed by Pallett and co-workers in 2009 says that the ideal distance between the eyes and mouth should be 36% of the total face length, measured from the hairline to the chin. The distance between the eyes should be 46% of the total face width, measured between the inner edges of the ears.

– Averageness

Imagine you are in a room full of people and have to name the most beautiful. You’ll likely select someone with average physical characteristics.

In general, the closest you are from the mathematical average of most people’s features, the more attractive you look. This perception can change depending on your culture, habits, beliefs, and social environment.

Additionally, some physical characteristics may vary with time. For example, global body mass index (BMI) increased from 21.7 kg/m2 in 1975 to 24.2 kg/m2 in 2014 in men.

– Youthfulness

If you spend hours on Instagram looking at pictures of babies and puppies, you’re not alone. These cute pictures are so popular. But for what reason?

Most babies and children have large eyes and small noses, features we subconsciously associate with positive attributes. When we age, we lose volume in the cheeks, the brow descends, and our eyes look smaller.

These changes can make us look “sad” or “tired,” and these features are not usually considered attractive. 

– Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is external differences between males and females. In women, fat accumulates in the upper cheek, lips, breasts, and hips. Features like prominent eyes, high cheekbones, proportional nose, full lips, and small chin can be seen as signals of femininity and fertility.

Qualities associated with attractiveness in men include thick hair, heavy brows, thin lips, and a squared jawline with a strong chin.

– Cultural differences

My concept of beauty can be very different from yours. At the same time, someone living on an isolated island in Japan may disagree with both of us.

First of all, body and facial features and proportions vary across different ethnicities. One study analyzed 27 ethnic groups and found differences in forehead height and the distance between the eyelids. Nose height and width may also vary.

Although there appear to be some universal beauty standards for the human race, they are shaped by cultural and social differences.

Media also plays a significant role in spreading specific beauty standards. The United States, for example, has emphasized a particular concept of female beauty— blond, blue-eyed, and busty. Movies, advertising, and fashion magazines often portray abnormally slim women, resulting in increased body image issues.

Social media spread made it worse, with models and influencers making excessive changes to their photos, creating unattainable beauty standards.

Implications for the beauty industry

The beauty industry uses this knowledge to develop cosmetics and treatments that can make people’s faces more attractive. 

Makeup can potentially change people’s appearance by altering facial contrast and skin quality. 

One study analyzed how contrast changes using makeup affects attractiveness. The researchers found that upper eye makeup increased attractiveness while lower eye makeup decreased attractiveness. Lips’ makeup did not affect beauty.

Besides adding color and contrast, beauty artists manipulate face contouring and highlighting to create an illusion of symmetry. These techniques apply dark or light colors to emphasize or make certain regions step back visually. 

The hairstyle is another ally when it comes to improving the look. For example, people with facial imbalances can minimize the issue of styling the hair into an uneven updo. The best choices are messy buns, side ponytails, or side-swept chignon on the opposite side of the notable asymmetrical feature. 

Uneven, angular, and messy haircuts work the same. Long bangs swept over facial asymmetries can give you a more balanced look.

Conclusion

It is challenging to define such a subjective concept as beauty, especially since beauty standards change considerably, depending on the moment, society, culture, and ethnicity.

Even so, researchers tried to define some universal factors associated with beauty, such as symmetry, normality, youth, and sexual dimorphism.

However, these standards are not absolute truth, and more research is needed to understand human perception of beauty.

 

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